'The Square' Tightens Lens On Egypt's Revolution

Ahmed Hassan is the leader of the group of young Egyptian revolutionaries at the center of The Square.

Noujaim Films

Ahmed Hassan is the leader of the group of young Egyptian revolutionaries at the center of The Square.

Noujaim Films

The new documentary The Square — set in Cairo's Tahrir Square — is a gripping, visceral portrait of the 2011 Egyptian revolution and its tumultuous aftermath.

The film puts the audience directly in the middle of the protests, and follows the lives of several young revolutionaries over the two and half years since. It charts their journey from the early euphoria of victory to the depths of despair as those victories unravel amid violent clashes and profound political confrontations among the secular revolutionaries, the Muslim Brotherhood and the military.

The film's director, Egyptian-American filmmaker Jehane Noujaim, tells NPR's Robert Siegel that shooting the film was a real group effort.

"The entire team met in the square in 2011, and we all shot various parts of the film," she says. "We ended up with about 1,600 hours [of footage] and out of that made a hour-and-a-half film."

Interview Highlights

On being told at the Sundance Film Festival to go back and keep filming

People thought we were crazy, actually, because we did show it at [the] Sundance Film Festival. But as we were on the way to Sundance, our characters, all of them, were back in the streets fighting because President Morsi had pushed a constitution through and was claiming dictatorial powers. So it became a much more interesting story because it showed that the people that we followed and the people of Egypt were not going to rest. They were going to fight against fascism, whether the face of fascism was Mubarak or the army or the Muslim Brotherhood.

Director Jehane Noujaim grew up in Egypt and returned there to shoot the film, which was shown at the New York Film Festival this month.

Noujaim Films

Director Jehane Noujaim grew up in Egypt and returned there to shoot the film, which was shown at the New York Film Festival this month.

Noujaim Films

On telling this large story solely through the eyes of certain characters

The way that I make films is that I tell the story through the eyes of characters. And so if you follow the characters' journey, there are obviously things that you are leaving out. But the hope with a film like this is [to] make people feel like they've had a glimpse and really experienced revolution.

People don't get to experience what we've experienced or had a glimpse of the past couple of years. And once people are able to experience that, there are thousands of books out there that you can continue to read and gain an education on what's happening in Egypt. This isn't an interview film — we didn't go through an interview [with] every, you know, leader across Egypt on what was happening. We decided to really take it from the perspective of these young revolutionaries.

On how she felt about the revolutionaries she followed

I think you have to fall in love with your characters. ... You never know whether the film is ever going to get out there or whether anyone's going to see it. So you have to really like the people that you're following. You have to feel like you're learning something from them, that they're surprising you, that they're taking you to a place where you've never been, in the most enlightening kind of way.

So when I met Ahmed [Hassan], for example — he's the lead character in the film — I mean, he's one of the most charismatic, joyful, pure personalities that I've ever met. You talk to him, you just smile. You want to be with him. You want him to take you through this world.

On the revolutionaries' notion that 'We don't need leaders, we need a conscience'

It's something that we've talked about so many times. ... I've had these conversations with Ahmed, and what he says is, 'We need to create a society of consciousness, and out of that a good leader will emerge.' What Ahmed says in the film — and he's half joking — but he says, you know, 'I think one of the greatest achievements of this revolution is that you have these kids playing this game. That people demand the fall of the regime ... and some of them play Brotherhood and some of them play police and some of them play army.'

The Egypt that I grew up in, you could not have a conversation, a frank, political conversation with taxi drivers or different people in the street. People were worried about who is listening. Is this secret police? I shouldn't really say this because I could be carted away for this. And so the fact that people were standing in a square, talking about a future of a country that they wanted to create, that's a huge, huge shift.

And I think that that's incredibly important, whether these particular kids are able to stay in the street — they're not going to stay in the street. At a certain point it needs to go from the street to a constitution, [and then] to the ability to elect leaders that represent them. But until that constitution is written, and until there are the checks and balances that are supposed to exist — right now the street has been the ballot box.

And that leads to a very tumultuous — you know, you can't just, you can't lead by the streets forever, right? But that is the last two-and-a-half years that we've faced. And that's what we wanted to show.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/NprProgramsATC/~3/IuwGGLqnXGA/the-square-tightens-lens-on-egypts-revolution
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Will Small Businesses Suffer If Forced To Collect Online Sales Tax ...

The Marketplace Fairness Act is one of the most controversial bills currently making its way through the House. Those who support the bill claim it will help brick-and-mortar stores compete with online businesses whereas those who oppose it claim it will harm small businesses. Now one group has published a study finding that the bill would harm specific small businesses even more.

The Minority Media Telecommunications Council put out a new study finding that the Marketplace Fairness Act would harm small businesses, especially those owned by minorities and women. To be more specific, they say that the $1 million small business exemption won’t do enough to protect these businesses.

Do you think the current $1 million exemption is enough? Should the legislation take other metrics into account? Let us know in the comments.

To understand MMTC’s complaint, we have to first look at what the Marketplace Fairness Act’s exemptions. The bill, in its current form, would require any small business that makes over $1 million a year to collect sales tax on out of state online purchases. Opponents want to see that exemption raised to $10 million. When looking at the current state of small businesses, it certainly seems that a higher revenue threshold is needed.

A story published in September profiled a small business owner who makes about $3.5 million a year. Under the current proposed exemptions, he would have to collect state sales tax on all online sales made from outside of his state. Now, $3.5 million sounds like a lot, but he reported only $350 of operating income after all was said and done last year. The cost of having to comply with the Marketplace Fairness Act would put him, and countless other small businesses, in the red.

So, what does MMTC suggest lawmakers do about this? It says that “we need to think carefully about coming up with a more accurate definition of small businesses.” It suggests that lawmaker define small businesses by using the Small Business Administration’s definition. In other words, lawmakers should define small businesses on a case-by-case basis that’s determined by the industry it’s in and the number of employees it has alongside its revenue.

To be more specific, here’s what the SBA says constitutes a small retail business:

Most retail trade industries: $7 million

A few (such as grocery stores, department stores, motor vehicle dealers and electrical appliance dealers) have higher size standards, but none above $35.5 million (or 200 employees for New Car Dealers only).

Retail Trade NAICS codes and their size standards do not apply to Federal procurement of supplies. For Federal contracts set aside for small businesses a concern that supplies a product it did not manufacture (which is what a retailer would do) is a “nonmanufacturer.” To qualify as small for Federal government contracting, a nonmanufacturer must: 1) have 500 or fewer employees; 2) be primarily in the wholesale or retail trade and normally sell the type of the item9s) being supplied; 3) take ownership or possession of the item(s) with its personnel, equipment or facilities in a manner consistent with industry practice; and 4) supply the end item of a United States small business manufacturer, processor or producer or obtain a waiver of such requirement pursuant to SBA’s regulations. This is called the “nonmanufacturer rule.” This rule does not apply to supply contracts of $25,000 or less that are processed under Simplified Acquisition Procedures.

There is a large variety of rules for other industries, but the Marketplace Fairness Act would predominantly affect the retail trade industry. Of course, the SBA’s definitions seemingly apply to brick-and-mortar small businesses as it makes no mention of online sales. Maybe the SBA should come up with new rules for online sellers, especially those who operate their own business through their own Web site alongside third-party seller sites like eBay and Etsy.

Speaking of eBay, the online seller has come out strongly against the Marketplace Fairness Act for many of the same reasons that the MMTC does. In a FAQ on its “Main Street” advocacy Web site, eBay says that it’s “opposed to the current definition of a small business in the legislation, which is exponentially less than any other relevant federal standard for defining a small business.”

eBay goes even further to say that the current $1 million exemption in the Marketplace Fairness Act only serves to protect the “casual online seller.” In other words, it would only protect your mom as she sells off a few family heirlooms a year on eBay. There would be no protection for the small business that also operates an eBay store to get their product out to more people.

In short, utilizing the Small Business Administration’s definition of a small business seems like the way to go. Defining a small business by the amount of money it makes is certainly metric to keep in mind, but it’s not the only thing that defines a small business. Keeping it focused strictly on revenue ignores the many costs that are associated with running a small business. Making these businesses keep track of sales tax rates for over 40 states would only add to those expenses, and would maybe even lead to those businesses having to cut back on other expenses, like employee retention programs.

Do you think the Marketplace Fairness Act should use the SBA’s definition of a small business? Or is using revenue as the sole metric fair? Let us know in the comments.

[Image: Thinkstock]
[h/t: The Hill]

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